Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder, and depigmented macules and patches characterize this acquired pigmentary disorder. The condition occurs when the melanocyte cells, that are responsible for giving color to the skin are attacked by the immune system when considered as the foreign or abnormal body. Vitiligo can cause stress, self-consciousness, and even devastation in the affected individual. This condition also limits their daily social activities, especially when it is widespread in the exposed body areas such as hands, face, feet, and neck. Vitiligo is not a contagious disease and is also not a form of skin cancer.

The color of the skin is determined by the melanocyte cells (active cells determine the skin color). These cells produce melanin pigment that also protects the skin from the sun damage and also provides the skin with its normal color. People with dark skin produce a lot of melanin naturally, and people with light skin produce less. Vitiligo can affect people of all races and occurs when the skin suddenly stops producing melanin. The small spot is called macule, and it is lighter in appearance compared to the surrounding skin. These white patches may spread slowly or quickly, and then they remain stable for years. The vitiligo spots are more noticeable in people with darker skin tones.

The exact cause of vitiligo is unknown and can occur due to genetics, virus, and autoimmune disorders. Sometimes stress, oxidative stress, exposure to certain chemicals, sunburn can also contribute to vitiligo.